The issue of competition in the banking industry to reform the structure is one of the general policies adopted by the banking system in recent decades. The aim of this study was to determine the market structure and competitive conditions in the Iranian banking system and to develop an appropriate model of the banking system to improve competition. After reviewing the studies in the literature, according to the level of access to information, both structural and non-structural methods are used to assess the competitive situation in the Iranian banking system. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used a structural method and the Panzar-Rosse model with mixed data of 10 Iranian banks during the period from 2002 to 2016 were used to estimate competitive environment of the banking system. The results indicated the existence of monopoly competition in the Iranian banking system. Furthermore, to better evaluate the competitive environment of the financial system and determine the most important variables affecting this environment, using the model sensitivity analysis for each variable, it was concluded that increasing interest rates, increasing personnel costs, reducing the number of personnel, reducing the cost of each unit of physical capital, increase of risky assets and payment facilities, increase of total assets, decrease of capital, and decrease of number of branches are effective in improving the competitive environment, while the sensitivity of the model to personnel costs and physical capital is less than other variables.

Vendor management inventory, as one of the inventory management methods, reduces the cost of inventory in the chain, quick response to customers, increased service level, customer satisfaction, and improves collaboration between the members of supply chain. In this study, a single-product bi-level supply chain model with one manufacturer and several retailers under a vendor management inventory system to select retailers under competitive conditions is investigated. In this study, the retailer selection problem formulated as a Stackelberg game model with consideration of manufacturing as a leader and retailers as followers to help the manufacturer and optimally select his retailers to form a VMI system. The manufacturer delivers the products to the selected retailer at the same time. Also, demand for the product in the retailers market is the decreasing function of price. Due to the prevailing policy and the agreement between the manufacturer and the retailer, the manufacturer is also responsible for managing the retailer's inventory. Therefore, the manufacturer will bear all the costs of maintaining the inventory, whether with himself or the retailer. In return, to accept the responsibility of inventory management by the manufacturer, the retailer pays the manufacturer a fee per unit as inventory costs. The objective of the model is to maximize manufacturing profits at the first level and maximize profits of any retailer at the second level. Model decisions are finding the optimal quantities of wholesale price decisions, product's replenishment cycle time, backorder, retailer selection, and determining whether or not to set up a production line for the manufacturer and retail price quantities for the retailer. In order to validate the proposed model, sensitivity analysis was performed on some parameters. As demonstrated by our numerical studies, the optimal retailer selection can increase the manufacturer's profit by 91% and the selected retailer's profits significantly compared to the non-selection strategy.

The purpose of this study was to study the matching of the competitiveness trait and kind of training condition when learning a sport skill (basketball free throw). 60 male university students (age 21.76±1.5 years) participated in this study and were divided into two homogeneous groups based on their pretest scores. As a result, four training groups were used in this study. Sport Orientation questionnaire (reliability coefficient: 0.90) was used to determine the subjects’ competitiveness and non-competitiveness trait. The questionnaire was confirmed by Bahram. Groups performed the criterion task in a competitive and non-competitive condition for 10 sessions (15 trials each session). The basketball free throw test (EEHPERD) and Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) were used to gather the data. Posttest was performed after the final session and retention test 10 days after the posttest. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures, ANOVA and post hoc tests were used at α=0.05. The results showed that competitiveness subjects performed better in the competitive condition and non-competitiveness subjects performed better in the non-competitive condition. The findings also showed a significant decrease in the retention test in the non-competitive condition group. The results of this study supported Zone of Optimal Function (ZOF) hypothesis and Interactionism approach.

Introduction: One of the most important goals of any athlete optimum performance during the competitions, but sometimes athlete’s performance suddenly destroyed under psychological pressure caused by competition. This study investigated the effect of neurofeedback and under pressure training on expert archers’ performance in competitive condition.Methods: participants were 30 adult healthy right hand expert female archer in Tehran that were selected by accessible method and after primary archery record in competitive condition and sameness were assigned randomly into three groups: neurofeedback and under pressure training and control. Training protocol was done 12 sessions at 4 weeks and after training was performed renewed record in competitive condition.Findings: The results of analysis of variance showed that the performance of participants at posttest both neurofeedback and under pressure group than control group progressed significantly (p=0.003), the other at this stage despite was higher average’s record of under pressure training group, not seen significant difference between the neurofeedback and under pressure group.Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, effects of neurofeedback training, particularly under pressure considered to promotion of expert archers performance and emphasized to use of these methods beside physical training to achieve better results in competitions.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

A vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an important issue that has attracted great attention of researchers in recent years. This paper presents a competitive VRP to get short routes with the maximum sale by providing suitable services to customers before delivering the goods to other competitive distributors. To distribute the goods with a short lifetime، in which customers need a special device for keeping them، the arriving time to customers effects on a number of sales، in which classical VRPs are unable to calculate these kinds of assumptions. According to the real world، the arriving time of the competitors is uncertain because of customer demands، traffic، weather conditions، etc. A scenario-based approach is used to handle the uncertainty of the arriving time of rivals. The purpose of this paper is to solve this problem by optimizing the sale of products to customers before delivering the products to other competitor distributors in an uncertain condition by robust optimization. To evaluate the performance of the presented model، the improved differential evolution (IDE) algorithm is used. The related results in small and medium-sized problems are compared with the result obtained by an exact solution method. Additionally، in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed IDE algorithm، a few sample tests in large sizes are solved and their results are compared with other two differential evolution algorithms. The results show that the proposed IDE algorithm has a suitable accuracy and performance for solving the presented model.